 
  
ѵ̳̣Ԫ 뼼 ڶ 


 

ڶ ۪ 

һϵͳҵ 

ϵͳǱ40µѧ߱ʷƴһѧơǹоһۺϵͳϵͳһģʽԭ͹ɵϵĿǰķѱӦڸֿѧоʵʵСڹѧУϵͳ۵õ˹㷺Ӧãձ鷽۵塣 

  ϵͳۺϵͳڹѧеձ 

ϵͳ໥ú໥ϵɲֽ϶ɵ壬иɲֹ״̬е幦ܣͬһĻϵ͹ϵ 

ϵͳ̵ĺɷΪ֡ϵͳָΪ˺ؽϵͳĿơơõȸȡ˼롢֯򡢷ȵܳơֺں̶ܴǾԺԵġϵͳָΪõشﵽϵͳĿģΪϵͳĽṹԪءϢ䡢ƻȽзƵļֺҪָϵͳģ⡢ۺơŻݣǼԺԵġ 

ӷ˵ϵͳǴ϶ϵͳĹ滮оơ졢ý֯͹ĿѧҲоͽӴӵĹһЧֶΡѧϵͳ˼룬ʵͬϵͳķⷢչγɵģǱ֤ΨʶۺΨ֤˶ﵽһ׶εĽ˼ѧµĿѧʶ˶ķӳ 

ˣϵͳڹѧоձ壺ȣǹ̬ڲɲ֮Ǵһ໥ãͲֵĹܾܲԵͬһɲ֮ýṹˮƽ͡ϵͳԲ̫ԵνϵͳֻǹϵͳʽΣϵͳΪձеԵĸܽᣬҲͬѧϵʶͷۼֵ 

ϵͳ۹˹ԼͲֵ໥ϵϵͳ뻷໥ãϵͳĹɼ䷢ӹܵһԣǡǡʶ˶̵һС׶Ρ˼άϤϵͳʵŦ⡰߶ȡܰǸ̵ʶ໥ϵ໥ãӶܹӱϸ̵ʶرᾭõķչͿѧĽǲоʶ临ӵĹ̬˶繤ҵ̡ƼоáԼȸ棬ҪϵͳǴҵڲľӪʡƻͶʵȸĹҲҪϵͳֻдϵͳĽǶȥʶȷҵӦĶԲߣǿ͸ƹڣȡúƶҵߣһЧܵҵ¾档ԣǶҵȫۣҲ벻ϵͳġϵͳ·ĳ֡ӽǡܸϵͳȥ֪쿴硣ˣϵͳͷ룬ܹĹʶ۵⾵һشĹѧ۵ļֵ 

  ϵͳǹ۵Ҫɲ֪ 

ϵͳ۵Ĳͷչʹϵͳ˹ѧϵ֮УʹǶԹϵͳγɵʶϵϵͳۣҲΪ۵Ҫɲ֡ 

֪Ƕڹеһ̬˶̣ԼĿϵͳʾϵͳԱ粻һεϵͳɵӴϵͳϵͳУκθĹ̬Ҫɵл壻ϵﶼԳϵͳΪϵͳϵͳڡ˵ϵͳԲǹľġԵԣ͹˶һ̬еһָԡǶԵʶǶԹļʶ漰ѹеһ̬˶̵ĴиԵ⡣ 

ϵͳΪ۵Ҫɲ֣ΪϵͳǹһԣһϵͳǹڵһʽΪԣҲ޲ɵһݺύϵͳڹмûϵͳĹҲڶڹ֮ϵͳһ棬ϵͳҲǹ֮һֱʵϵˣϵͳ͹˶Ҳǲɷָġ˶ǹձԵĴʽԴڹڲҪغΧ໥ϵ໥áκι˶ŹĲͬҪص໥ãڲⲿκ໥ֶΪ˶ʵϣڹ˶Уκϵͳǹ˶ı֣κι˶ֶϵͳڵķʽ 

֮ѧϵͳۣڰѹ۽ڸι̵ĿѧϣǲȱٵġرǵǶԹʶԺ΢򣬶ϵչʶҵΪּΪӵϵͳ塣Ǵͳѧ⣬ҲעоĸԺ֯ԣѹʶΪչŵϵͳ򸴺ϵͳעϵͳϵͳҪءҪ֮ĹϵˣϵͳΪ۵һɲ֣ǹѧѧ֮չһ׶εıȻ 

ͬʱϵͳ֮ܳΪ۵Ҫɲ֣ܹɹۿϵϵͳ۵ڲ֮ͣ幦Դϵͳ͹ϵͳ͹ҪءҪ֮໥ϵ໥ãеȼԵĲɵľ޴ϵͳϵͳһ̶ԶԼϵͳ״̬ʱĺȹ˹ϵ 

  ϵͳǶԹ֤Ĳ 

ϵͳΪһžѧ֤ȻġеϵġǴϵͳǶʶ֤չضʽǹ֤һʽ֤ɣͨϵͳģʽԵõֱֵӵ֡ǣϵͳ۲ֻʹ֤õ廯ģ⻯һΪ֤ķչṩ˼·ݡ 

(1)ϵͳ۴ӹҪصϹɳ˹֤ڹձϵԭڹϵͳֵľص㣬ӶΪ֤ṩ˷ḻϵ֤͡ڱ֤Ψϣ˹ϵ͵ĶԣϾûаѸ͵ĹϵȷĻֺ͹涨ϵͳ۴ϵͳ͹ϵͳ͹ҪءҪ֮໥ϵ໥õصһʾ˹ϵĶԣȷ˻ֺ͹涨ϵͳϵ⣬йϵͳϵṹϵϵԴϵȵȡˣһ˵ϵͳǹձϵͳϵĿѧǹ֤ձϵ໥ԼԭʽǶһԭĲ;廯 

(2)ϵͳ۴ӹϵͳҪһĳַʽγɣϵͳͻһصҲ֤ʱṩµ˵ϵͳ۵Ĺ۵㣬չǹϵͳӽϵͼ״̬ϸ߼״̬Ķ仯չֻйϵͳһ壬ֻǹĻܣϵͳĹܡûйϵһЩҪصĻۣǲʱġֻиҪĳַʽϺ󣬹̬ܻʣϲ ĹµĹʱ䡣һйϵͳķչ仯ĸɡ 

ˣҪĳֹ̬ʣıɳɷ⣬ڱԭɲֵĻϣһµĹϷʽʱǹ˶̵һֱʽϵͳ۴ӹϵͳԵĽǶȣ˶ʱɸӿѧӾ˵ 

(3)ϵͳ۵Ĳͷչì˶ҲƵ塣磬ڹҪìܺìҪ˼룬һϵͳбȽϵ͵ı֣ĳЩӵϵͳ񾭼ùϵͳƼϵͳȣɲ໥£ĳһɲֿɳΪģŹҪìܺҪìܷãΪƶ󣬼ΪҪìܻҪìܷ档Ȼһ棬Щϵͳ壬ȴΪеĳһֶϵͳ֧áЩϵͳУֻϵͳϵ(ì)еĽṹϵŶԹ˶žá͸ҪìܺìܵҪĺµϡ磬ϵͳۿκιϵͳҪ֮䶼һҪ໥ááϵͳҪǸʱҪؼıܴﵽ̬ƽ⣬ϵͳȶڣҪؼĳʱϵͳͲȶͻᷢ񵴻ըʽķչùϵͳڵٽʹ֮塣ֹãΪʲôеĹì˫ԳڴһͳһжеĹì˫չһ׶ͳһͻѣµĿѧ͡ 

(4)ϵͳ۹ڹϵͳ֯Ե˼룬ָϵͳ˶չĳڵԭ𣬶ǸԴĹì˶Ϊ˶ͷչ˶չìܷĻ˼룬ṩµĿѧݡ 

⣬ϵͳ۵ĵȼṹ˼룬ÿϵͳͬΧΪⲿìܡһϵͳ嵱ĻڵĽϴϵͳһɲôԭĹϵͳⲿìܾͱΪڲìˣ֮Ȼɴ˿ɼϵͳ۵ĽǶ͹ڲìⲿìܵ໥תǼ˵ġ 

֮ϵͳ۴ϵͳϵͳҪءҪ֮ı֤ͳһʹìܷԾ廯ʹһ˲ݡ 

⣬ϵͳѽṹʷìܷϵͳ֤ͳһӶҲΪʶ弰˶ķչµĵ· 

ϵͳı˹˼ά۴̵ĸԱ仯ʹǶԹоʽԸΪĹɵϵͳΪģӵֵĹɵֵģԵĹɵԵģӵһȵĹɵȵģҪоϵɵۺоݺϵЩ仯ı˹ѧ͹ͼı˹ѧ֪ʶϵıĽṹͬҲ˹ۺͷ۵ʱ䡣 

Ϣҵ 

ŵѧķչѧеۡ¸ӿ֣λԺҪǡϢˡϢѲٽǡϢͬʣԲչĹ㷺壬͸ѧ˶У롰ϡԴϢƼ֧УִˮƽһҪ־µĹҵѧ͹Ϣĳ֣Ὣ߶ȷչϢʱ 

ִУϢѳΪϵͳۡ۵ಢִѧҪ֮һϢֵϢϢϢʱЧԡʵԣϢԼϢϢѧִ˶ʵϣִϢΪһ壬γһ̬Ϣ˶ʽϵͳϢ 

Ա40ѧҡѧҡѧңϢĽṹݺͱоΪѧǰؼ۷չҪ⣬˴Ĺȡ˷˶ĳɹǣʲôϢ?ıʲô?ϢʵģǾ?ϢɲΪȲȫʵֲȫǾ̬?Щ⣬ѧҡѧҡѧ۲ݣ˵硣ûһͳһĿҲ޷ȫ⣬ 

ֻǴӹѧĽǶȣһЩ̽֡ 

  ϢĶͷથ 

ϢͱãΪһѧ֣̽Ǳ40Ժ£ΪѧΪձʶǽʮ顣 

Ϣʵձԣϵͳͬκϵͳȫ໥(ϵ)ĹУʡܡʽֵĽṹ״̬ʷ 

Ϣϵͳһϸģʽ֯ʽʾϢϵҲǹѧչһҪͻơ 

ϵͳһӵĴϵͳڹйᴩ֡һϢϵͳԴ̬ʱ仯Ʒ˶̡ͼֽļƻȴϣγϢǹ˶ԭ˶Ϣǰģйɵ˶ԴﵽŵľЧӳ˹иֹ̬ͱ仯ϣ涨ĹϵͨۺͳƲŵķࡢơת¼룬Լߵķжϡȹ߼˼άƵӦľߣָӺ֯ԤĿ淢չ 

һлĶ̬̣аŵг̡ԱʶԭϹӦҪ֮ÿʱÿ̵໥˳ϵ޲仯ˣΪֲͬĹϢھУҪصĿǳǧ໥зʽϵַḻʣԣϢ֯ṹǧ򻯡ǧ򻯵ĹϢ ˶ҵľӪ仯Ʒ 

¡ոĽԱѵƵĵг۲ȶֶĹ̬ӶάεĹġȺͼʾϢйܡ 

Ϣﻯ˶ձԣĹϵͳͬκϵͳȫ໥úϵĹУʱ䡢Ч桢ߵʽֵĹ̬ṹ˶̡ 

ݹΨ۵ĻԭǿԶֽΪ¼㣺 

(1)Ϣﻯ˶ձԡﻯ˶ҵڲҲκϵͳӦ侫ڵĸ档ﻯ˶ձԣŹΪĵĹϢϵͳ 

(2)ϢĹϵͳͬκϵͳȫ໥СϢڵʶ۵Ĺؼ 

(3)ϢĹϵͳ̬ṹ˶ǽڴɹͳƵ¼Ļ֮ϵġ 

(4)ϢȻǹϵͳ(ʱ䡢Ч;)̬ṹ˶̵ı֣Ȼʱ䡢Ч;ȷĹϵʵ֤ڸӵĹУʱ䡢Ч;ǹɷԣͬʱ䡢Ч;֮ǿ໥תġ 

(5)ڹϢʱ䡢ЧĲɷԣһϢ̾ΪḶ́ڹϢʱЧǲܡġ 

(6)˶̡һ˵Ϣǹϵͳȫ໥еĲǸù̱Ϣָľһ˶̡ 

Ϣݲͬķ෽ԷΪֲͬ𣬶ⷱУܵĿɷΪȻϢ͹Ϣʽ 

һйеĹȻϢָǣϵͳʱ䡢Чʽֵ̬ṹ˶(Ҫǹ)ͬʱ䡢Чʽֵ̬ṹ˶໥öµùϵͳ̬ͬӦ 

Ϣָǣһоԡ֡šͼȼӹĹȻϢ֪ʶ鱨ָʾɵȵȫڹϢϢʩǵǵڿΪҪҲγɸֹ״̬ӦĹ̼ 

֮԰ѷڶĹϢ̬ΪȻΪĸ߶ȷչϢԽԽʾԼκι˵ʱͬʱϢ̵ӰԼĵʧĳ߶ԣĹϢҲǾǰ˻˼ӹĹȻϢתɴ˿ɼ ϢȹȻϢһ̬ͬתǾ̬ͬתĹϵͳϢһ˵Ĺ֪ʶͨһһ˵Ĳ˷ľԵģȻչĽУõĸҪ;ͷʽȴ֪ʶϵͻƵϢ 

ԹΪԨԴᷢչÿһ׶϶ӦϢرӦضԹϢжԡشÿһڹϢͻƶӦԹΪԨԴᷢչķԾҲضٽƶӦĹʶΪĽʷϣַԾͽһαһο졣һķԾʾദϢϵͳԼϵͳ֯ĹУ̵ͬʽ֯Ĺ̡ 

  Ϣڹе͵λ 

ӹܿʣϢ˶иֲ̬ͬϵͳ֮ձϵһҪн顣 

1ϢǹʵʶķӳеҪн骥 

ʵʶķӳǽϢнɵġͬʵʶķӳҪнҲϢ 

ͬĹ̬вͬЩ˶仯غĳϢϢͨĹؼĻϢϵн飬Ҳǹʵʶн顣һ̶һµġ 

ǵĹʵ̣ɹĿĺֶεͳһɵʵڹʵĹ̡ҪﵽԤڵĹĿģҪҪʹԼĹʵϹеʺ͹ɡҪǱѹʶ͸Ķ󣬴ٽϡϢʵʶһҪý(ȻΨһý)άϢʵʶ͹ýʱ˵ͨоٸ֪Χ磬ԺϵͳеõϢӦĴ桢Уѡȹ̺ЧӦ١ЩЧӦٷⲿ磬ͬʱҲͨ˶оĩϵͳ˶оյϢͬѾϢһӰ콫Ķ(άѡ3ҳ)άϢнãͬҲӹʵʶʹӹʶٵʵ̣ͨйٻԹĸϢ(Ծ)תΪڴݡ任ԣ൱ڹʶ׶ΣͨԵ˼άḻϢʽֵĸԲϣ洢䡢ѡȡ߼ӹﵽʶıʶԹϢýĴӹʵʶĹ̡ϢͨЧӦⲿ磬൱ڴӹʶܶٻصʵȥҲԹϢýĹʶٵʵĹ̡ 

ָϢýãֹУͬǰͨʵȡϢתΪʶùʶʹϢָʵʹùϢĹУڹʶ͸Ķǲϵطչ仯ģˣĹϢһȫҪһͨʵȡϢΪ롣ͬԭĹϢγµʶٽתΪʹù 

ϢΪȥָʵĹ̡Ḷ́ҲǹϢн޽չĹ̡ 

2ϢǹŴ֪ʶҪн骥 

֪ʶǶԹʶĺܴһ֣Ҫ֣ͨϢнӻõġ 

Уܹ޹ģĸйоԵģ˵ڡʶļˡΪԼ֮롰塱ǿйٵĹܣЧĽϢʹȥʶʾڹԼʶҰм䣬ϢǴ֪ͨδ֪һн顣ͬʱҲϢǹȡ֪ʶһҪн顣 

һ棬ϢҲǹ˽Ŵ֪ʶһҪý飬һҵĹùˮƽйأص㡢ĻͳϢʷչġ 

3Ϣһй֯ϵͳ໥ϵҪн骥 

ӹȺ嵽ҵţӾӪṹгϵһҵĹĹϵУԼ֯ǵͬʲͬǶй̣ͬ֯ҪһϢΪӼϵн飬ʹϵͳԭϵ״̬ųĿ״ֻ̬ȡĳһֻֿ״̬Ϊ򡣪 

ԹھáĻȲͬǽĹȺ壬Ƕһͬ㣬ҪϢϵн顣ϢֶεķչϢнϵҲԽԽҪԽԽڱֽ绰ӡǵȣ֤һ㡣 

ȻǳϢн֯ϵãҲһϢ˵Ϊ˼롢ȲһӰнáоκ֮⡣ 

ΪϢܹ֮Ϊ㷺ձϵһҪн飬ܹ֮ͨ塢뾫ʵʶĹ˶̣ϢΪϵͳ͹ϵͳ̬ṹ˶̵ıеĹϵ 

ҵ 

40ѧŵءάɿһһĵϵۡһۡ۵ͬѧʷᣬǿĻѸٷչγ˰á̡ᡢȿۺ˹ܵȶ֧ڵӴѧϵ۵ĲͷչӰ죬ѧͼĸĹۣ˼άʽıѧ 

 ˼ڹеӦê 

˼Դ1943άɭءϸдġΪĿĺĿۡһġάɵġۡһеõչƣѧӡѧƵľоӦãʹ֮ΪѧȻѧоƵġѧƵķۿѧ 

͸򡣿۽Ĺ񾭼ùҵѧ̹¹ᾭù˶Ϊϵͳо̽ȫָӺͿƵĹɣӦγ˹ϵ 

˹ڡѧۡһָ۲ѧµķ뷽ۣм޴壬ĹԶ᱾ҲЧġǹ壬ͨγлϡܹڸӵȻȶشںͷչͨлеҵں͹Э֮ĹϵһʷʱγȻͬȻʺĽʹ 

ϵõ̺ͷչˣ֮͵ڹϵͬпʡҵ֮䣬ҵҵ֮䣬뾭֮䣬ҵ֮䣬֮䣬񾭼õ䡢֮䣬гг֮䶼Ŵ۸ӵķͿƹϵ 

ִĸ߶ữѧܼûϵĸӻʹ˶ͿκһʷʱڶԵͻҪΪʲôڶսЩҵĹѧеõѸٷչԭ֮һ 

  ˼ڹѧе媥 

˼̵Ĺѧڣڹѧоп򣬶ҴʹǶʶµķԾ 

1˼ڿǰ㷺ϣ˹̬˶ɵĶԵͳһ 

ǰȻ磬һϵ໥޾ؽ֯Ļ档ڹȥĺܳһʱȻϰ˹ﻯ̬Եͳһֹϵܻһʣȴû˵ܻĸϸڣͷչĹѧͳһľĹ˶̺̬ӾõĻҵϵгȡзűо˷ӳضεķ֧ѧƣ豸ƻӪͶȵȡӶ̵طӳ˹̬˶ɵĶԡǣҲһϰߣѹ˶̬͹̹Ʋ㷺ܵϵп죬ʹ֧ѧԡϣͨչӳѧϣеĹ˼ά 

Ȼ˼άչʶ̣ϾʽзչŵġǵĹʶԭʼĸԾһѧ֮󣬱ȻҪɿѧ˼άеľ壬ȥۺϰչ̬˶ɶԵͳһ 

۵ġ΢۵ġȻԵġԵĲ̬ͬ˶Եͳһ͸УԼ֮һֶ̽ͳһĿ͹ۻ¹ѧʿˣ䡶ͼͳһԡһָѧڵ塣ֽΪĲŲȡıʣȡʶľԡʵϣѧֽΪԺۺ΢ۡȻԺΪĲͬȷʵȡʶľԵġһ־ԵõԵͻƣĺۺ΢ۣȻԺһ󣬳ʶͼϡǡһ̶ͻơĹڣ֤˹ϵ(ϵͳϵṹϵϵ)Ϳƹ̵Ŀ͹۹̺ʣʾ˺۵ġ΢۵ģĺϵͿƹ̵ͳһʹǶЩȻͬ򣬶Ϣݺͷڵȹͬص㣬ͨѶͿƵĹͬɡ 

2˼һ̶Ƕѧʶ 

ڿ˼㷺ؽ͸ǵĹУҲ㷺漰֤⡣֤֮䣬ӦϵĳֶӦԭ򡣴Ͽ˵ṩ˹֤һ⻯ʽʵ˹֤ĳЩԭľ廯ģʽ˸塢׼ȷù֤ȥͽķ;ʾϢݺ͵ڿƵȹձϵʽḻǶԹ˶չ仯ϵȺ͹ѧݣڽʾļ븴ӡ塢ʵĿԺӦԵȷı֤ϵ 

3˼ʶʵϣΪʶ磬ṩµ 

һл׶Ŀĵʶ͸ʵ˵۶ԽйѧоʵĶڿĶһṩձõķַΪѧӪȹṩҪ˼ǶԹʶ̱仯ʵԾ޴Ӱ졣 

ңֻҪǰ𳡺֤۵ѧ˼Թʵٷŵѧϵϵ죬ͲѿĶ෽桢εĽṹص㣬ҽῴִѧϵռеҪλԼѧϵĽṹͲεĸıӰ졣 

 

 
 
